Have a read through Onedrive "Unauthenticated" when trying to copy/sync, but can use 'lsd' - Help and Support - rclone forum to see if it applies here. I can see that your failing request is also sending a token in the URL and setting the Authorization header, so it may be the same issue.
2024/02/29 15:59:33 DEBUG : HTTP REQUEST (req 0xc00095b200)
2024/02/29 15:59:33 DEBUG : GET /personal/50c37f2bd1deb32c/_layouts/15/download.aspx?UniqueId=01271706-a053-423d-816f-6b7ea0b830df&Translate=false&tempauth=eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJhdWQiOiIwMDAwMDAwMy0wMDAwLTBmZjEtY2UwMC0wMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAvbXkubWljcm9zb2Z0cGVyc29uYWxjb250ZW50LmNvbUA5MTg4MDQwZC02YzY3LTRjNWItYjExMi0zNmEzMDRiNjZkYWQiLCJpc3MiOiIwMDAwMDAwMy0wMDAwLTBmZjEtY2UwMC0wMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAiLCJuYmYiOiIxNzA5MjQwMzc2IiwiZXhwIjoiMTcwOTI0Mzk3NiIsImVuZHBvaW50dXJsIjoibTB1ZlY3VXBRUHZaeFoxSEJvSHZLUmV2TlpCZ2J4MVJBNS9lZ296NFFYTT0iLCJlbmRwb2ludHVybExlbmd0aCI6IjE1MyIsImlzbG9vcGJhY2siOiJUcnVlIiwiY2lkIjoiLy8ydVg5KzJva3VHS1g5VlNvRk9YQT09IiwidmVyIjoiaGFzaGVkcHJvb2Z0b2tlbiIsInNpdGVpZCI6Ik56a3dNV1V6TkRjdE1UUTFPQzAwTlRFNExUZzBaRFV0WW1Gall6ZzJNMkV4WkdRMiIsImFwcF9kaXNwbGF5bmFtZSI6IkdyYXBoIiwiYXBwaWQiOiIwMDAwMDAwMy0wMDAwLTAwMDAtYzAwMC0wMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAiLCJ0aWQiOiI5MTg4MDQwZC02YzY3LTRjNWItYjExMi0zNmEzMDRiNjZkYWQiLCJ1cG4iOiJmcmFuY29pcy5wZXNxdWlAZ21haWwuY29tIiwicHVpZCI6IjAwMDNCRkZEOTg0NUEyN0MiLCJjYWNoZWtleSI6IjBoLmZ8bWVtYmVyc2hpcHwwMDAzYmZmZDk4NDVhMjdjQGxpdmUuY29tIiwic2NwIjoibXlmaWxlcy5yZWFkIGFsbGZpbGVzLndyaXRlIGFsbHByb2ZpbGVzLnJlYWQiLCJzaWQiOiIxODA5NzU3NzUzNzM2MTY1MzY5X2QzMGM0OGRiLTg4ODctNGZkOC05MGNiLWQwNDkxYzcwNjgxNyIsInR0IjoiMiIsImlwYWRkciI6IjUyLjEwNC4xMzAuMTQ5In0.QB9gtdTcPedUX3XUJSmppG9h1uxaR3FFasOyzhuVGVI&ApiVersion=2.0 HTTP/1.1
Host: my.microsoftpersonalcontent.com
User-Agent: rclone/v1.66.0-beta.7714.8f0e9f9f6
Authorization: XXXX
Referer: https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/drives/50c37f2bd1deb32c/items/50C37F2BD1DEB32C!s01271706a053423d816f6b7ea0b830df/content
Accept-Encoding: gzip