Thanks for the hint, but that didn't change anything at first.
The problem seems to be that the variable asterisk is not recognized in the folder name, if a fixed text component comes after the variable (here: abcd.tmp, efg.tmp etc.).
Perhaps it wasn't quite clear either that .tmp is an integral part of the folder name and does not stand for an extension of a file.
To clean a directory and all its subdirs, you'd use purge if you want to use one command.
If you want to use delete, you'd have to use rmdirs after it and use two commands.
If you are having an issue with a filter, I'd use rclone ls and test / validate and fix the filter from there. If you share the directory listing, we can help with the filters.