Great testing - thank you.
So it looks like there is a corruption in the file such that crypt found a bad block. (The authenticator is very strong in crypt blocks.)
Can you download the encrypted file which should download OK (I conjecture its SHA1 will match the data), and then see if you can see what the corruption looks like? This will probably be quite difficult, but you have the offset of where it starts as it is the size of the file before it failed. Hopefully it will be ASCII text saying "Onedrive destroyed the data here", but any data which doesn't look completely random will be the corruption.
I guess there could just be data missing which will be impossible to spot.
So the question is, is there any way rclone could have caused this corruption, or are we sure it is a OneDrive bug?
Were these files uploaded straight through with no low level retries do we know?